Landuse impact on soil physical variability and erodibility in North Western subtropics of India

Aim: The study was conducted to determine the impact of landuse on soil physical properties and erodibility. Methodology: Representative soil samples were collected from surface and sub-surface soil depths. Soil physical properties and erodibility indices viz suspension percentage, dispersion ratio, clay/moisture equivalent ratio, erosion ratio, percolation ratio, clay ratio, erosion index and modified clay ratio were determined using standard procedures. Interrelationship among soil properties and erodibility indices were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis (at 95% and 99% significance level). Results: Among landuse systems, the clay was highest in forest while least in soils under barren landuse. Lowest bulk density and highest value of maximum water holding capacity was found in forest soils. According to susceptibility to erosion, the landuse systems were found in the following order barren lands > cultivated systems (agriculture and horticulture) > forest lands. The ‘r’ values showed positive and highly significant correlations between sand content and bulk density with suspension percentage (SP), clay ratio (CR), modified clay ratio (MCR), dispersion ratio (DR), percolation ratio (PR), erosion ratio (ER), erosion index (EI) while negative and significant correlations of these erodibility indices were found with clay and porosity. Among the erodibility indices SP, DR, PR, ER and EI were positively and significantly correlated with each other. Interpretation: Physical quality of soil was higher in forest compared to other landuse systems. Erodibility of different landuse systems could be arranged in order barren lands > cultivated systems (agriculture and horticulture) > forests. The study was useful for suggesting remedial measures and landuse planning for future

Cronología de la regeneración del bosque tropical seco en Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica: II. La vegetación en relación con el suelo

Chronology of tropical dry forest regeneration in Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. II. Vegetation in relation to the soil. Tropical dry forest (TDF) succession was monitored in Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. We analyzed the effect of soil type on forest structure and diversity. Eight seasonally-dry TDF sites located along a successional chrono-sequence (10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and >100 years) were examined in relation to 17 soil pedons and six soil orders. Soils had moderate to high fertility and were classified as Entisols and Vertisols, although Mollisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols and Ultisols were also present. One-hundred and thirty 500 m2 plots were established, 20 plots in secondary and 10 plots in mature TDFsites. Diameter at breast height (dbh) and total tree height were measured for saplings (dbh ≥1 and <5 cm), shrubs and trees (dbh ≥5 cm). With the exception of two sites (40 and 60 years), soil type did not have significant effects on forest structure. However, tree diversity measured with Shannon-Wiener’s H’ and Fisher’s α rarefaction curves, showed substantial differences among soil types, which became accentuated in mature forests. This pattern might be explained by non-random distributions of TDF trees, the scale of the study, the plot shape, and the use of systematic sampling designs. Low-fertility sites in general had higher species richness, consistent with idea that more restrictive soils reduce competition among trees and allow co-existence of species with contrasting growth rates. Changes in soil properties along a chrono-sequence of Entisols indicated that trees may experience more severe water stress as succession progresses, which may require adjustments in biomass allocation and phenological behavior of the dominant species. Our results suggest that edaphic specialization is more pronounced in mature TDF forests, and that most TDF trees are generalists in relation to soil type, highly tolerant to site heterogeneity, and show little physiological specializations in response to edaphic heterogeneity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 817-836. Epub 2009 September 30.

Se estudió la sucesión del bosque tropical seco (BTS) de Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, en cinco sitios boscosos secundarios y tres bosques maduros. Se analizó el efecto de la clase de suelo sobre la estructura del bosque y la diversidad de especies arbóreas. Los ocho sitios sucesionales estaban localizados a lo largo de una cronosecuencia de regeneración (10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and >100 años) en la que se identificaron 17 pedones y seis órdenes de suelos con moderada a alta fertilidad, clasificados como Entisoles y Vertisoles, aunque los Mollisoles, Alfisoles, Inceptisoles y Ultisoles estuvieron presentes también. Se establecieron 130 parcelas de 10 por 50 m (0.05 ha), 20 en cada bosque secundario y 10 en cada bosque antiguo (6.5 ha en total), de acuerdo con la topografía. Se midió el diámetro a la altura de pecho (dap) de todos los individuos presentes en cada parcela, la altura dominante y el área basal (m2ha-1), usando dos poblaciones: latizales (dap ≥ 1 y < 5 cm) y árboles (dap ≥ 5 cm). Cada bosque presentó al menos dos pedones de suelo bien diferenciados. La alta variación edáfica encontrada se debió posiblemente al origen piroclástico de la meseta ignimbrítica de Santa Rosa, las variaciones en los tiempos de deposición del material parental, y los patrones de erosión. A excepción de dos sitios, no se presentaron diferencias importantes en la estructura del bosque entre las clases de suelos examinadas, según la densidad de individuos, el área basal y la altura dominante. La diversidad de especies arbóreas medida según el índice Shannon-Wiener y las curvas de rarefacción construidas con el índice α de Fisher, presentaron diferencias considerables entre las clases de suelos. Esta tendencia se explicó por la influencia de las características edáficas sobre las distribuciones no aleatorias de las especies arbóreas, la escala de medición del estudio, la forma de la parcela, y el muestreo sistemático utilizado. En general, los suelos de menor fertilidad presentaron mayor riqueza de especies, indicando que los sitios más restrictivos redujeron la competencia y permitieron la coexistencia de individuos con tasas de crecimiento disímiles. Los cambios en las propiedades físicas encontrados a lo largo de una cronosecuencia de Entisoles indicaron que los árboles podrían experimentar estrés hídrico más severo conforme la sucesión avanza, lo que podría requerir ajustes en el comportamiento fenológico y en las propiedades ecofisiológicas de las especies dominantes. En general, nuestros resultados sugieren que la especialización edáfica es más pronunciada en BTS maduros, y que la mayoría de las especies del BTS son generalistas en relación con la clase de suelo, altamente tolerantes a la heterogeneidad de los sitios, y muestran poca especialización fisiológica para responder a la variabilidad edáfica en distancias cortas.